1. Description of the Problem and Scope of Application
This manual is intended for systematic diagnosis and elimination of root causes of insufficient cooling capacity in industrial cooling systems. This problem occurs when the system is unable to effectively remove heat from the process or equipment, resulting in increased operating temperatures, production disruptions, and increased operating costs.
Typical symptoms:
- Increased temperature of the cooled process (water, glycol, air).
- Frequent emergency shutdowns of equipment (for example, a chiller) due to high pressure or temperature.
- Reduced efficiency of production lines dependent on cooling.
- Increased energy consumption by the cooling system to maintain the set parameters.
- Extended time to reach the required temperature.
Applicable equipment:
- Chillers (liquid coolers) of compression and absorption type.
- Cooling towers (open and closed).
- Plate and shell and tube heat exchangers.
- Cooling circuit pumping stations.
- Condensers of air and water cooling.
- Automation and control systems.
Severity Classification:
- Critical: Complete stoppage of the technological process, high risk of equipment damage (for example, overheating of molds, compressors). Immediate action.
- Significant: Decreased productivity, increased energy consumption, but the process continues. Needs quick diagnosis and elimination.
- Minor: Slight deviation from the norm, warning signals. Monitoring and routine diagnostics are necessary to prevent further escalation.
2. Precautions
⚠️ SAFETY FIRST!
Before starting any diagnostic or repair work on industrial cooling systems, it is necessary to strictly follow the safety rules. Failure to follow these instructions can result in serious injury or death.
- Lockout and Tagout (LOTO): Always perform a complete Lockout/Tagout of all power sources (electrical, mechanical, hydraulic) before opening panels, working on moving parts, or tampering with the refrigeration circuit. Check the absence of voltage with a multimeter.
- Energy Storage: Remember the stored energy: high refrigerant pressure, water under pressure, revved-up fans, power supply capacitors. Follow safe pressure relief and decompression procedures.
- Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Use appropriate PPE: safety glasses and shields, chemically resistant gloves, hearing protection, protective clothing. When working with refrigerants and chemical reagents, make sure that they are compatible with PPE.
- Refrigerants: Refrigerants can cause frostbite in contact with the skin and eyes, as well as suffocation in enclosed spaces. Provide adequate ventilation. Follow DSTU EN 378 requirements for safe handling of refrigerants.
- Hot Surfaces: Compressors, condensers and piping can be extremely hot during operation. Allow equipment to cool before servicing.
- Moving Parts: Fans and pumps have moving parts that can catch clothing or limbs. Always turn off power and wait for a complete stop before approaching.
- Works at Height: When working on cooling towers or high equipment, use safety equipment and follow safety rules for work at height.
3. Necessary Diagnostic Tools
The use of calibrated and serviceable instruments is critical for accurate diagnosis.
| Name of the Tool | Specification/Model (Example) | Measurement range | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| Digital multimeter | Fluke 179 or similar | Voltage: up to 1000 V AC/DC Current: up to 10 A AC/DC Resistance: up to 50 MΩ Temperature: -40°C to +400°C |
Measurement of electrical parameters, checking the integrity of circuits, sensors, thermistors. |
| Electric pliers | Fluke 376 FC or equivalent | Current: up to 1000 A AC/DC | Measurement of operating currents of compressors, pumps, fans without breaking the circuit. Engine overload diagnosis. |
| Manometric station | Testo 550 or similar | Pressure: -1 to 60 bar (vacuum to high pressure) Temperature: -50°C to +150°C (with temperature probes) |
Measurement of refrigerant suction and discharge pressure, calculation of overheating/subcooling. |
| Infrared thermometer (pyrometer) | Fluke 561 or similar | -40°C to +550°C | Fast non-contact temperature measurement of the surfaces of pipelines, compressors, electric motors. |
| Contact temperature probes | Type K thermocouple | -50°C to +250°C | Accurate measurement of liquid and pipe surface temperature for calculation of overheating, subcooling, temperature delta. |
| Portable ultrasonic flow meter | Fuji Electric Portaflow-C or equivalent | Pipe diameter: 13-6000 mm Flow speed: 0.01 to 32 m/s |
Non-invasive measurement of water/glycol flow in pipelines, verification of pump operation. |
| Refrigerant leak detector | Inficon D-TEK Select or similar | Sensitivity: 3 g/year (R134a) | Detection of microscopic refrigerant leaks. |
| Vibration analyzer | SKF Microlog AX or similar | Frequency range: 0-20 kHz Amplitude range: 0-50 mm/s |
Diagnostics of the condition of rotating mechanisms (compressors, pumps, fans) - imbalance, misalignment, bearing defects. |
| Thermal imaging camera | FLIR T540 or equivalent | Temperature range: -20°C to +1200°C Resolution: 464x348 pixels |
Detection of hot spots (electrical connections), cold spots (clogging, insulation), unevenness of the temperature field of heat exchangers. |
| Test kit for water quality | Hach DRB 200 or similar | pH, hardness, alkalinity, conductivity, content of corrosion inhibitors. | Analysis of water in cooling towers and closed circuits to assess the risk of contamination and corrosion. |
| Refrigerant scales | Refco REF-METER-OCTO or equivalent | Up to 100 kg, accuracy ±5 g | Accurate weighing of the refrigerant when filling the system. |
4. Initial Assessment Checklist
Before starting a detailed diagnosis, perform an initial examination and data collection. This will save time and narrow the circle of potential malfunctions.
| Item Rating | action | Expected Result / Comments |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Operation logs and alarm history | View operator records for the last 24-48 hours. Pay attention to the time of occurrence of the problem, the dynamics of temperatures and pressures. | Determine if the problem is sudden or gradual. Record any previous alarms (e.g. "High Discharge Pressure", "Low Water Flow"). |
| 2. Set values and operating modes | Check the system controller settings: set temperatures, operating modes (cooling, heating), schedules. | Ensure that the set parameters meet the process requirements and have not been accidentally changed. |
| 3. Visual inspection | Inspect the chiller, cooling tower, pumps, heat exchangers and piping for visible defects. |
|
| 4. Ambient temperature | Record the current air temperature and relative humidity around outdoor units (cooling towers, condensers). | Excessively high ambient temperature can reduce condensation efficiency and overall cooling performance. |
| 5. Condition of air filters | For air-cooled systems: Check condenser air filters for cleanliness. | Dirty filters restrict airflow, reducing condensation efficiency and increasing discharge pressure. |
| 6. Water level in the cooling tower | Check the water level in the cooling tower pan and the operation of the float valve. | Low water levels can cause pump cavitation and reduced cooling efficiency. |
| 7. Pump pressures | Estimate the suction and discharge pressures of circulation pumps. | A low pressure drop or low discharge pressure may indicate a problem with the pump or a clogged circuit. |
| 8. Energy consumption | Record the current electricity consumption of the chiller and its main components (compressors, pumps, fans). | A sharp increase in consumption with reduced performance indicates a problem. |
5. Systematic Flow of Diagnostics
Follow this step-by-step algorithm to systematically identify the root cause of the problem.
- Symptom confirmation:
- Check process sensor readings: process temperature > setpoint.
- Record the current operating parameters of the chiller: suction/discharge pressure, refrigerant temperatures, compressor currents.
- IF the process temperature is normal, THEN the problem is not in the cooling system or it is intermittent. Repeat the monitoring.
- ELSE (temperature is elevated), THEN go to step 2.
- Estimation of heat load:
- Has the production load changed (the number of products increased, the recipe changed)?
- Are all cooling-consuming equipment working?
- IF thermal loads have increased significantly without a corresponding change in the configuration of the cooling system, THAT the root cause may be exceeding the design capacity of the system. Consider optimizing a process or increasing capacity.
- ELSE (load is normal), THEN go to step 3.
- Checking the coolant circuit (water/glycol):
- Measure the pressure drop across the chiller evaporator or process heat exchanger.
- Use an ultrasonic flow meter to check liquid flow through the evaporator.
- Measure the liquid temperature at the inlet and outlet of the chiller evaporator (ΔT).
- IF the pressure drop across the evaporator is higher than normal (for example, >0.5 bar for a plate heat exchanger), OR the flow rate is lower than the design one (for example, < 90%), THEN:
- Check the cleanliness of the filter (mesh, mud) in the coolant circuit.
- Check the position of the shut-off and control valves.
- Inspect the circuit pump: suction pressure, discharge, vibration, noise. IF the pump is malfunctioning, THEN diagnose the pump.
- IF filters are clean, valves are open, pump is working correctly, THEN probably contamination of the chiller evaporator (scale, deposits). Go to section 7.1.
- IF pressure drop and flow are normal, BUT ΔT at evaporator is lower than normal (eg < 3-4°C), THEN go to step 4 (refrigerant problem).
- OTHERWISE (everything is fine), THEN go to step 4.
- Refrigerant circuit check:
- Connect the gauge station to the service ports of the compressor (suction and discharge).
- Measure the temperature of the refrigerant at the inlet and outlet of the evaporator, compressor discharge.
- Calculate suction superheat and liquid subcooling.
- IF:
- Low suction pressure (below normal for a given evaporator temperature, e.g. < 4.5 бар for R134a at 0°C boiling point).
- High suction superheat (eg > 8-10°C).
- Low or no liquid subcooling.
- IF:
- High discharge pressure (higher than normal, for example > 16 bar for R134a at +40°C condensing).
- Low or negative suction superheat (sometimes).
- High liquid supercooling (sometimes if overcharging).
- IF refrigerant pressures and temperatures are normal, but cooling is insufficient, THEN check the compressor (currents, vibration, noise). IF currents are significantly lower than nominal at high discharge pressure, THEN possible internal leakage of the compressor (for example, interstage). Go to section 7.3.
- Checking the cooling water/air circuit (condenser):
- For the cooling tower: measure the water temperature at the inlet and outlet of the condenser, and the air temperature at the inlet/outlet of the cooling tower.
- For an air condenser: measure the air temperature at the inlet and outlet.
- IF:
- Water temperature at the entrance to the cooling tower is high.
- The water temperature drop across the condenser is low (eg < 3-4°C for design flow).
- OR the air temperature after the air condenser is very high.
- Check the cleanliness of the cooling tower filler, nozzles, and air condenser lamellae.
- Check operation of cooling tower/condenser fans (revolutions, vibration, currents). IF fans are not working properly, THEN diagnose the fan.
- IF contamination is visually confirmed, THEN proceed to section 7.1.
- OTHERWISE (condenser clean, vent OK), THEN go to step 6 (control check).
- Checking the control system:
- Check the readings of all sensors (pressure, temperature, flow) on the controller and compare them with the actual measurements. IF there are discrepancies (eg > 0.5 bar for pressure, > 1°C for temperature), THEN there is a possible sensor or calibration fault.
- Check the logic of the controller, the presets, the sequence of starting the components.
- IF faults are found, THEN calibrate the sensors or check the controller program.
- OTHERWISE (control is normal), THEN return to step 1 for reanalysis or contact a deep diagnostic specialist.
6. Malfunction-Cause matrix
| Symptom | Probable Causes (by probability) | Diagnostic Test | Expected Result if Cause Confirmed |
|---|---|---|---|
| High process temperature, low evaporator ΔT | 1. Contamination of the chiller evaporator (scale, sludge) 2. Insufficient refrigerant charge 3. TRV malfunction (partially closed) |
1. Measuring the pressure drop across the evaporator (manometer) 2. Measurement of overheating/supercooling (manometric station, thermal probes) 3. Overview of TRV (icing) |
1. Pressure drop > 0.5-0.8 bar 2. Low suction pressure, high superheat 3. TRV is hot at the entrance, cold at the exit, icing of the housing |
| High compressor discharge pressure | 1. Contamination of the condenser (scale, dust, dirt) 2. Insufficient flow of cooling air/water (fan/pump) 3. Excess refrigerant charge 4. The presence of non-condensable gases in the system |
1. Visual inspection of the condenser, temperature difference on it 2. Checking currents/revolutions of fans/pumps, water flow (ultrasonic flow meter) 3. Calculation of supercooling (manometric station, thermal probes) 4. Checking the "temperature approach" of the capacitor |
1. Condenser is dirty, ΔT of cooling water/air < норми 2. Reduced costs, increased currents/vibration 3. High hypothermia (> 8-10°C for most systems) 4. The condensation temperature is much higher than the calculated one (for example, +5-10°C higher than the water/air temperature at the outlet) |
| Low compressor suction pressure, evaporator/pipeline icing | 1. Insufficient refrigerant charge 2. Partial clogging of the TRV/filter-drier 3. Low coolant flow through the evaporator (clogging) |
1. Detection of refrigerant leaks (detector), weighing during refueling 2. Pressure drop across the filter-drier, temperature TRV 3. Measurement of the coolant flow rate through the evaporator, the pressure drop across it |
1. Leaks are detected, the system takes less refrigerant than the design weight 2. Significant pressure drop on the filter drier (>0.2 bar), TRV freezes before/after 3. Consumption < 90% from design, pressure drop > 0.5 bar |
| The compressor works constantly, but the cooling is not enough | 1. Partial loss of cooling capacity of the compressor (valves, seals) 2. Contamination of heat exchangers (evaporator/condenser) 3. Incorrect control settings (sensors, settings) |
1. Comparison of compressor currents with nominal currents, analysis of pressures/temperatures 2. Diagnosis according to the corresponding symptoms 3. Checking the calibration of sensors, controller logic |
1. Compressor currents are lower than expected at high boost, low refrigerant ΔT 2. Confirmation of contamination (see above) 3. Deviation of sensor readings, incorrect settings |
7. Analysis of the Root Causes of Each Malfunction
7.1. Contamination of Heat Exchangers (Evaporator/Condenser)
Explanation: Contamination of heat exchangers is one of the most common causes of reduced cooling efficiency. In water systems (cooling towers, water condensers, evaporators), it can be scale (calcium carbonate), biological deposits (algae, sludge) or mechanical impurities (sand, rust). In air condensers, this is dust, dirt, leaves, fluff. Deposits create additional thermal resistance, reducing the heat transfer coefficient.
How to confirm:
- Visual inspection: Disassembly of plate heat exchangers, inspection of tubes of shell-and-tube heat exchangers (endoscope), inspection of cooling tower filler, air condenser lamellae.
- Pressure drop: Significant increase in pressure drop (>0.5 bar for evaporators, >0.3 bar for condensers) on the heat exchanger at the design liquid flow rate.
- Temperature approach: For condensers, the difference between the refrigerant condensing temperature and the exit cooling water/air temperature will be much higher than normal (eg > 5°C).
- Water analysis: Increased hardness, content of solid particles, microorganisms in circulating water.
Consequences, if not eliminated:
- Decrease in system efficiency, increase in energy consumption.
- Overheating of compressors, frequent activation of high pressure protection.
- Shortening the service life of the equipment, the risk of emergency failure.
- Corrosion under deposits.
7.2. Refrigerant Problems (Insufficient/Overcharge, Non-condensable Gases)
Explanation: Correct refrigerant charge is critical to efficient operation of the refrigeration cycle. Insufficient charge leads to a decrease in cooling capacity and overheating of the compressor. Overcharging increases condensing pressure, stresses the compressor and can lead to water hammer. Non-condensable gases (air, nitrogen) entering the system occupy the volume in the condenser, increasing the discharge pressure and reducing the heat exchange area.
How to confirm:
- Pressure/Temperature:
- Undercharge: Low suction pressure, high superheat (> 8°C), low subcooling (< 2°C or absent).
- Overcharge: High discharge pressure (> 16 bar for R134a), high supercooling (> 8°C).
- Non-condensable gases: High discharge pressure, but normal subcooling. The condensation temperature is significantly (+5-10°C) higher than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure.
- Leak: Using an electronic leak detector. Inspection of all connections, service ports, places of possible pipeline damage.
- Weighing: When the refrigerant is completely pumped out and refueled according to the equipment label.
Consequences, if not eliminated:
- Decreased cooling capacity, overheating of the compressor.
- Increased energy consumption.
- Compressor damage due to overheating, wear of moving parts.
- Activation of emergency protections.
7.3. Malfunctions of the Compressor, Pumps or Fans
Explanation: Mechanical or electrical problems in these components directly affect the circulation of the refrigerant and coolants, and therefore the cooling capacity.
- Compressor: Worn piston rings, valve damage, spiral failure, electrical winding problems. A partial loss of compressor performance leads to a decrease in the pressure drop of the refrigerant.
- Pump: Impeller wear, bearing failure, mechanical seal failure, clogging, motor electrical problems (phase shift, winding break), cavitation. All this reduces the flow of the coolant.
- Fan: Motor bearing wear, blade damage, motor electrical problems, drive belts loosening. Reduces air flow through the condenser or cooling tower.
How to confirm:
- Compressor:
- Currents: Comparison of actual currents with nominal ones. Low current at high boost may indicate an internal leak.
- Pressures: Insufficient suction/discharge pressure drop.
- Vibration/Noise: Using a vibration analyzer (ISO 10816-3) and a stethoscope.
- Temperature: Body overheating.
- Pump/Fan:
- Visual inspection: Leaks, damage, clogging.
- Currents: Comparison of motor currents with nominal ones.
- Pressures/Consumption: Reduced pump discharge pressure or fluid flow.
- Vibration/Noise: Vibration analysis.
Consequences, if not eliminated:
- Decrease in system performance to complete failure.
- Significant damage to the compressor, engine, bearings.
- Expensive repairs and long downtime.
8. Step-by-Step Troubleshooting Procedures
8.1. Elimination of Contamination of Heat Exchangers
- SAFETY: Perform LOTO procedure for chiller and associated pumps. Close the shut-off valves to isolate the heat exchanger.
- Fluid Drain: Drain the water/glycol from the heat exchanger.
- Disassembly:
- Plate heat exchanger: Disassemble the plate pack according to the manufacturer's instructions.
- Shell-tube heat exchanger: Remove the end caps.
- Cooling Tower/Air Condenser: Remove access panels, inspect filler/slats.
- Mechanical cleaning:
- Plates: Use brushes with soft bristles and detergents (acidic for scale, alkaline for biodeposits) recommended by the manufacturer.
- Pipes: Use special scourers, high-pressure water jets or mechanical brushes to clean the inner surface of pipes.
- Cooling Tower/Condenser: Remove large contaminants manually. Use a high pressure washer to clean the filler and slats.
- Chemical cleaning (if necessary): Apply circulation washing with special solutions (acidic for scale, biocides for algae) according to the instructions of the chemical supplier and the manufacturer of the heat exchanger.
- Washing: Thoroughly rinse the heat exchanger with clean water until all chemicals and contaminants are removed.
- Assembly: Assemble the heat exchanger, replacing all damaged gaskets. Tighten the plate heat exchanger studs to the torque and sequence specified by the manufacturer.
- Filling and verification: Fill the circuit with liquid, check for leaks. Start the system and check the ΔT and pressure drop across the heat exchanger - they should match the data sheet values (eg pressure drop < 0.2 бар for clean).
8.2. Refrigerant Charge Adjustment and Leak Repair
- SECURITY: Perform LOTO. Wear PPE: safety glasses, chemically resistant gloves.
- Search for leaks (in case of insufficient charge): Use an electronic leak detector, soap suds. Carefully inspect all welds, brazed joints, flanges, valve stems, service ports, sensor mounting locations.
- Leak Repair: Repair any leaks found (soldering, tightening, replacing seals/valves).
- Pump and vacuum: Connect the pump station and the vacuum pump. Pump the remaining refrigerant into a licensed cylinder for disposal/regeneration. Vacuum the system to deep vacuum (< 0.5 мм рт. ст. або < 67 Па) for at least 30 minutes. Check the system for vacuum tightness within an hour (the vacuum should not increase).
- Refrigerant charging:
- Use refrigerant scales. Fill the system with liquid refrigerant in the output circuit (to the TRV) or in the receiver, according to the weight indicated on the equipment nameplate.
- Monitor suction/discharge pressure and superheat/subcooling during refueling.
- Excess charge removal: If overcharge is installed, carefully drain the refrigerant into the regeneration cylinder, controlling the discharge pressure and subcooling until optimal values are reached.
- Removal of non-condensable gases: This operation should only be carried out after confirming their presence and preferably with the help of specialized devices for cleaning the refrigerant.
- Verification: Run system, check pressures, temperatures, suction superheat (3-7°C) and fluid subcooling (4-8°C for most systems).
8.3. Repair/Replacement of Defective Components
- SECURITY: Perform LOTO on all eligible equipment. Ensure that there is no tension. Relieve refrigerant pressure.
- Compressor (in case of performance loss):
- Diagnosis: If an internal leak is confirmed (low current, insufficient pressure drop), field repair of the compressor is often ineffective.
- Replacement: Replace the compressor with a new or refurbished one, following the manufacturer's instructions. Replace the filter drier and check the TRV. After replacement, carry out vacuuming and refueling according to 8.2.
- Pump:
- Diagnosis: Disassemble the pump, inspect the impeller for wear, check the bearings, mechanical seal.
- Repair/Replacement: Replace worn parts (impeller, seals, bearings) or pump assembly.
- Verification: After repair/replacement, start the pump, check the flow rate (ultrasonic flow meter) and discharge pressure - they must match the passport data. Vibration should be < 4.5 мм/с (corresponding to ISO 10816-3 for group 2).
- Fan:
- Diagnostics: Check blades for damage, engine bearings for wear, tension of drive belts.
- Repair/Replacement: Replace damaged fan blades, bearings, belts, or fan motor.
- Verification: Run fan, check airflow (air velocity measurement), no excessive vibration (< 4.5 мм/с).
9. Precautions
Implementing effective maintenance programs can prevent most of the mentioned malfunctions and optimize system operation.
| The root cause | Prevention Strategy | Monitoring method | Recommended Interval |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contamination of heat exchangers | Water treatment program (dosage of corrosion/sediment inhibitors, biocides). Installation of filters in circuits. Regular flushing. |
Analysis of water quality (pH, hardness, conductivity, inhibitor content). Monitoring of pressure drop on heat exchangers and filters. Visual inspection. |
Monthly (water), quarterly (pressure drop), annually (flushing). |
| Insufficient refrigerant charge (leaks) | Regular checking of the tightness of the cooling system. Maintenance of service ports, replacement of seals. |
Use of electronic leak detectors. Monitoring of working pressures and overheating/subcooling. |
Quarterly (tightness check), monthly (parameter monitoring). |
| Excess refrigerant charge | Accurate filling of the system using scales for the refrigerant after repair. | Monitoring of discharge pressure and subcooling. | After any work with refrigerant. |
| Non-condensable gases | Proper vacuuming of the system after work related to depressurization. | Monitoring the "temperature approach" of the capacitor. | After any work with refrigerant. |
| Depreciation of the compressor, pumps, fans | Balanced lubrication program. Alignment of shafts. Regular replacement of bearings, seals. |
Vibration analysis (ISO 10816-3). Oil analysis (spectral, water content). Motor current monitoring. |
Quarterly (vibration/currents), annually (oil analysis, scheduled replacement of components). |
| Incorrect control settings, malfunction of sensors | Planned calibration of sensors. Controller logic check. |
Comparison of sensor readings with reference ones. Functional check of the automation system. |
Annually. |
10. Spare Parts and Components
The availability of critical spare parts in the warehouse is a guarantee of quick restoration of the equipment's operability.
| Description Details | Specification | When to Replace | Category UNITEC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Refrigerant filter-drier | According to the type of refrigerant and system capacity (e.g. Danfoss DML 084) | After any opening of the refrigerating circuit, with signs of clogging (large pressure drop). | Refrigerating Components |
| Thermoregulating valve (TRV) | According to refrigerant type, evaporator capacity and pressure drop (e.g. Danfoss TEX 2) | In case of incorrect overheating, clogging, damage to the thermal balloon. | Refrigerating Components |
| Pressure/temperature sensors | Measuring range, output signal type (e.g. Danfoss AKS 32, PT1000) | In case of inconsistency of readings, instability of the signal, physical damage. | Automation and Control |
| Gaskets for a plate heat exchanger | Material (EPDM, NBR, Viton), size, type (e.g. Alfa Laval M6) | When disassembling the heat exchanger for cleaning, detection of leaks, signs of aging. | Seals and Gaskets |
| Mechanical sealing of the pump | Material type (ceramic/graphite/silicon carbide), shaft size (e.g. Burgmann BT-FN) | In case of leaks on the pump shaft, scheduled replacement. | Pumping Equipment |
| Engine bearings (compressor, pump, fan) | Type (ball, roller), size (for example, SKF 6205-2Z) | With increased vibration (> 7.1 mm/s), noise, planned replacement according to the regulations. | Bearings |
| Cooling fan/condenser electric motor | Power, speed, degree of protection (e.g. IP55) | In case of complete failure, significant overheating of the windings. | Electric motors and drives |
| Corrosion inhibitors and biocides for water | According to system type and water quality (eg Nalco) | Regularly, according to the water treatment program. | Chemical Reagents |
To order all necessary spare parts and components, visit the electronic catalog of UNITEC-D.
11. Links
- DSTU EN 378 (series of standards): Refrigeration systems and heat pumps. Requirements for safety and environmental protection.
- ISO 50001: Energy management systems. Requirements and instructions for use.
- ISO 10816-3: Vibration is mechanical. Evaluation of machine vibration based on the results of measurements on non-rotating parts. Part 3: Industrial machines with a rated power exceeding 15 kW and a rated speed between 120 rpm and 15,000 rpm.
- Equipment manufacturers' operation and maintenance manuals (OEM manuals).
- UNITEC-D Maintenance Guides: www.unitecd.com/maintenance-guides/ (for related manuals).
