Electric motors – Operation of industrial components
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate by the interaction between the magnetic field of the motor and the electric current in a winding to generate a force in the form of torque applied to the motor shaft. Electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as batteries or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as a power grid, inverters or electric generators. An electric generator is mechanically identical to an electric motor, but operates with reverse energy flow, converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Electric motors can be classified according to criteria such as type of power source, internal construction, application and type of output movement. In addition to AC and DC types, motors can be brushed or brushless, can have different phases (see single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase), and can be air- or liquid-cooled. General purpose motors with standardized dimensions and characteristics provide practical mechanical power for industrial use. The largest electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped storage applications with power ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors are found in industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools and record players. Small motors can be found in electric watches. In some applications, such as regenerative braking with traction motors, electric motors can be used in reverse as generators to recover energy that would otherwise be lost as heat and friction.
Electric motors produce linear or rotational force (torque) intended to propel an external mechanism, such as a fan or elevator. An electric motor is generally designed for continuous rotation, or for linear movement over a significant distance compared to its size. Magnetic solenoids are also transducers that convert electrical energy into mechanical motion, but can only produce motion over a limited distance.
Electric motors are much more efficient than the other main energy source used in industry and transportation, the internal combustion engine (ICE); electric motors are typically over 95% efficient while MCIs are well below 50%. They are also lightweight, physically smaller, mechanically simpler and cheaper to manufacture, can provide instantaneous and constant torque at any speed, can run on electricity generated by renewable sources, and do not leak carbon into the atmosphere. For these reasons, electric motors are replacing internal combustion in transportation and industry, although their use in vehicles is currently limited by the high cost and weight of batteries that can provide sufficient autonomy between recharges.
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Buy books
Electric Motors and Drives: Fundamentals, Types and Applications
Best-selling reference book on electric motors and drives for non-specialists, bridging the gap between mathematics and theory.
Mechanical design of electric motors
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Mechanical design of electric motors
The importance of electric motors is well known in different fields of engineering. The book provides comprehensive coverage of different types of electric motors, including DC motors, three-phase and single-phase asynchronous motors, synchronous motors, universal motor, AC servo motor, linear induction motor, and stepper motors. The book covers all details of DC motors, including torque equation, counter electromotive force, characteristics, types of starters, speed control methods and applications.
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