Procurement Glossary

A comprehensive reference of technical terms used in industrial supply chain management, automation, and MRO procurement.

AA11 terms

Absolute shaft encoder: Shaft encoder that transmits unique coded data for each increment.
AC [~]: Alternating current
Accuracy: The difference between the actual and measured position.
Actual value: see count
Alarm signal: Serves to monitor the shaft encoder for malfunctions, such as glass breakage, fouling, short circuit, short circuit of signal line, and supply voltage too low.
Analogue signal: A signal whose level alters continuously.
ASIC: Application specific integrated circuit
Asincrona: Nella comunicazione asincrona il ricevente può rispondere ad messaggio in tempi differenti.
Auto-reset: see reset modes; automatic reset
Automatic repetition: see reset modes; automatic reset
Axial loading: Maximum load on the shaft encoder’s shaft in the axial direction

BB10 terms

Bandwidth: Frequency range for output signals
Batch counter: Registers the number of signals released at the main output. In counters with automatic repetition, the number of repeated cycles is counted. (See also operating mode)
Baud rate: Rate of data transfer (bits per second).
BCD: Binary-coded decimal; binary representation of a decimal number.
Binary: Two logical states (yes/no); the basis of binary data-processing systems.
Binary code: Code using binary numbering; often used for absolute measuring systems.
Bit: Abbreviation for “binary digit”; the smallest unit of information of a binary system, whose value can be 1 or 0 (yes-or-no decision).
Bus: System for communication between several devices via a data line (see interface)
Bus cycle: Time needed for polling every bus slave by the bus master.
Byte: Sequence of 8 bits.

CC30 terms

CAL: Can application layer
CANopen: Layer 7 protocol based on CAN
Change of state: For CAN: Bus node (encoder) sends it’s data automatically when a position change occurs.
Channel: Signal track on which 1 or 0 is outputted.
CiA: CAN in automation (CAN users and manufacturers group)
CiA DS: CAN in automation draft standard, communication profile
CiA DSP: CAN in automation draft standard proposal, communication profile
CIM: Computer Integrated Manufacturing; i. e. the linking of different computer-aided processes in production and related fields for general use of the data.
CMD: Software tool for configuration and diagnosis of Interbus networks
COB: Communication object
Code: Format in which data are transmitted.
Code switching frequency: Number of position steps per second. For absolute shaft encoders with parallel interface: The maximum output frequency of the LSB output driver (fmax) also limits the maximum permissible code switching frequency: Code switching frequency max. = 2 · fmax for Binary code Code switching frequency max. = 4 · fmax for Gray code
Coefficient of thermal expansion: Material expansion under influence of temperature change [µm/°K m], relevant for linear scales.
Coincidence: Accordance of set value (preset) and actual value (count)
Coincidence mode: See operating mode
Compensazione: Tale teoria esprime la tesi centrale del pensiero neoclassico riguardo gli effetti del progresso tecnico sull’occupazione. Gli esponenti di questo filone di pensiero la tratteranno e svilupperanno compiutamente. Riteniamo dunque più opportuno rinviarne la trattazione nel sottoparagrafo 1.2.1.
Complementary: Output circuit for which also the inverted signals are outputted (e.g. Channel A and Channel A). Electrically, the 1/0 levels are transmitted as voltage differences between two lines. In this way the information signal (the difference) remains pure as in general interferences are interspersed equally on both lines.
Connection box: In modular system 400 (plug-in type counters), the term “connection box” is used for the insert socket of the counter (see, for example, the totalizing counter in the modular system).
COR: Count correction
Count: Display of counted value (actual value) at the counter.
Count correction: Correction of count; correction is not stored.
Count direction: For adding, subtracting or differential count. The counter is equipped with a count input and a counter advance sense input.
Count input: Differential For adding, subtracting or differential count. The counter is equipped with a subtracting and an adding input.
Counter advance sense input: See count input
Counter advance sense signal: Output signal of the counter; can be used independently of counter advance sense for control purposes (e.g. drive unit control). The counter advance sense signal operates independently of OUT signal status.
Counting frequency [f]: Number of count pulses per second [Hz] In pneumatic counters, the non-pulse period must be long enough to allow pressure to drop to approx. 0.15 bar for a minimum of approx. 12 ms. Example: Approximately 12 pulses/s are reached in a pressure range of 6 bar and at an ambient temperature of 20 °C. Note: Increasing flow or length of tubing reduces maximum possible counting rate and thus also warming.
Counting mode: In mechanical counters only: (+) adding in the specified sense of rotation + (–) adding in the specified sense of rotation; subtracting in the reverse direction + (+) adding in both senses of rotation – (–) subtracting in the specified sense of rotation; adding in the reverse direction
Counting rate: See count frequency
CRC: Cyclic redundancy check. Bit error protection method for data communication.
CSA approval: Approval by the Canadian Standards Association

DD19 terms

Data bus: System of lines over which data are transferred electronically in parallel or serially.
Data consistency: Intrinsic coherence of data in respect of timing and logical aspects.
Data integrity: Correspondence of data with the reality that they describe.
Datavalid: Output for checking the validity of data.
DC [=] (Counter): DC [=] Direct current
Decimal point: Can be programmed in electronic counters
Demodulator: Device that filters the original information out of an altered signal again.
DeviceNet – conformity and interoperability: Confirmation of agreement of a bus node with the DeviceNet specifications and correct interoperability with other DeviceNet nodes.
Differential input: See count input
Differential line driver: Output circuit in which the difference between the two signals A and A is evaluated, thus providing high signal transmission reliability.
DIN: Deutsche Industrie Norm (German Industrial Standard)
DIR: Direction; see counter advance sense
Direction: Control input for determining the data sequence (whether ascending for clockwise or counterclockwise rotation).
Disable: Blocking of function (see also inhibit)
Display: Display
Display memory: A display value is “frozen” during counting (for easier reading during fast counts)
Dual Code: Natural binary code
Duty cycle [ED]: Ratio of pulse length to non-pulse period; at 40 % duty cycle, pulse length is 4/10 and non-pulse period 6/10 of total time (see specifications in technical data).
Dynamic behaviour: A function is triggered by a pulse (the pulse edge only is evaluated) at the corresponding dynamic input; the counter continues operation regardless of pulse width.

EE15 terms

E/P converter: Preset counter with electrical count input and pneumatic control signal generation (see pneumatic preset counter)
EDS – File: Electronic data sheet. This is a file with the device specific parameter description and is provided by the manufacturer of a DeviceNet or CANopen device.
EEPROM: “Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory” chip (see EPROM).
EIA: Electonic Industries Association; U.S. umbrella organization of manufacturers of electronic equipment and facilities. It is responsible for maintenance and development of the industrial standards for interfaces between data-processing devices and data communications equipment.
Elapsed-time meter: See time counter
Electrostatic discharge on the surface and surroundings of the test object.: The test values are divided into 4 classes: Class Test voltage 1 2 kV 2 4 kV 3 8 kV 4 15 kV
EMC: Electromagnetic compatibility
EMC (Counter): Electromagnetic compatibility; see interference immunity
Enable: Control input via which the data outputs can be activated.
Encoder: See “shaft encoder”
Encoder monitoring: See “Alarm signal”
Encoder power: Supply voltage to be provided for the shaft encoder.
ENCOM: User group of manufacturers of INTERBUS-S absolute shaft encoders
EPROM: “Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory” chip, which can be erased with ultraviolet light, after which new data can be written into it.
Extranet: La diversità sostanziale tra Internet, Extranet ed Intranet, può essere vista attraverso il diverso grado di accessibilità. Internet è raggiungibile da qualsiasi personal computer allacciato alla linea telefonica tramite un modem e dotato dell’apposito programma (browser). Extranet ed Intranet, pur sfruttando la stessa tecnologia informatica, sono “chiusi”, in quanto creati appositamente per collegare via telematica rispettivamente due o più imprese, e i reparti della stessa impresa; si tratta, quindi, di “reti” non accessibili dall’esterno.

FF6 terms

Feedback: A signal returned from the output of a system to the input, used for automatic control and error correction in servo systems and process control.
Fieldbus: An industrial network system for real-time distributed control (e.g., PROFIBUS, Modbus, CAN bus). Connects sensors, actuators, and controllers.
Firmware: Permanent software programmed into a read-only memory, controlling low-level device functions in PLCs, drives, and encoders.
Flange: A protruding rim or collar used to strengthen, guide, or attach components. Common in pipe connections, motor mounts, and bearing housings.
Frequency converter: Electronic device that converts AC power from one frequency to another, used to control motor speed in industrial applications. Also known as variable frequency drive (VFD).
Full-duplex: Simultaneous two-way data transmission between devices, as opposed to half-duplex where only one direction is active at a time.

GG3 terms

Gate: See inhibit
General Electric: MANDELLI Andreina, in “Fare business in rete”, McGraw Hill 1998
Gray code: A special binary code that changes only one data bit per measuring step at a time. It is used with absol

HH3 terms

Hamming distance: Measure for data security in a data transmission. The higher the number the better the ability to detect
Harmonic Distortion: Measure for the signal quality of sinewave encoder [%]. It describes the content of harmonics in analogue signals. The lower the number the better the signal.
Hysteresis error: Measurement deviation for a position approached from opposite directions

II22 terms

Identifier: Address of a message in a CAN network.
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission; organization promoting international standardization of electrical components.
Immunity to interference: Test procedure according to IEC 801, Part 4 – A test of susceptibility to fast electrical transients (bursts) causing interference on lines. The test values are divided into 5 levels: Level Mains line Data and control lines 1 0.5 kV 0.25 kV 2 1.0 kV 0.5 kV 3 2.0 kV 1.0 kV 4 4.0 kV 2.0 kV X special special
Immunity to interference (continued): Test procedure according to IEC 801, Part 2 Discharge of static electricity on the surface and in the surroundings of the specimen. The test values are divided into 4 classes: Class test voltage 1 2 kV 2 4 kV 3 8 kV 4 15 kV
Increment mode: See operating mode
Incremental measuring system: Measuring method in which the variable is formed by counting increments (measuring steps).
Incremental shaft encoder: Shaft encoder which transmits an electrical signal (yes/no) for each increment, determined by the marked disc.
INH: Inhibit; see inhibit
Inhibit: Blocking of counter input during counting operation.
Input: Count input
Inspection certificate: All Hengstler products are subjected to strict quality inspection, the results of which can be attested by an inspection certificate according to DIN 55 350-18-4.1.1.
Integer: Integral values; range of values at n bit: 0 … (2n-1)
Integrated coupling: Flexible coupling built into shaft encoders
Intelligent agent: Un intelligent agent, o agente software, è un programma di supporto alla ricerca ed alla selezione di informazioni on-line, che tiene in considerazione lo specifico profilo dell’utente. Raccogliendo ed elaborando informazioni sulla base delle specifiche dettate dal consumatore, può, ad esempio, visitare alcuni siti che offrono il prodotto ricercato on-line, prospettando all’utente il prodotto “migliore” in base ad alcuni parametri, posti come rilevanti.
INTERBUS: Real time bus for the sensor-actor-level
Interbus-Loop: Two wire version of Interbus, transmitting data over the power supply lines and using Phoenix Contact “Quickon” cable plugs.
Interface: Transfer point with certain terminals, signals, or signal sequences. The interface serves for communication of the shaft encoder with other systems.
Interface (Counter): The interface is used for communication between counter and external systems. Counter values can be input or output via the interface.
Interference immunity: Testing procedure according to IEC 801 Section 4 Test for interference immunity against bursts (coupling to lines) The test values are divided into 5 steps: Stage Power lines Data and control lines 1 0.5 kV 0.25 kV 2 1.0 kV 0.5 kV 3 2.0 kV 1.0 kV 4 4.0 kV 2.0 kV X special special
Internet: La diversità sostanziale tra Internet, Extranet ed Intranet, può essere vista attraverso il diverso grado di accessibilità. Internet è raggiungibile da qualsiasi personal computer allacciato alla linea telefonica tramite un modem e dotato dell’apposito programma (browser). Extranet ed Intranet, pur sfruttando la stessa tecnologia informatica, sono “chiusi”, in quanto creati appositamente per collegare via telematica rispettivamente due o più imprese, e i reparti della stessa impresa; si tratta, quindi, di “reti” non accessibili dall’esterno.
Interpolation: Scanning of a sinewave signal to increase resolution by generating intermediate position values.
Intranet: La diversità sostanziale tra Internet, Extranet ed Intranet, può essere vista attraverso il diverso grado di accessibilità. Internet è raggiungibile da qualsiasi personal computer allacciato alla linea telefonica tramite un modem e dotato dell’apposito programma (browser). Extranet ed Intranet, pur sfruttando la stessa tecnologia informatica, sono “chiusi”, in quanto creati appositamente per collegare via telematica rispettivamente due o più imprese, e i reparti della stessa impresa; si tratta, quindi, di “reti” non accessibili dall’esterno.

JJ1 term

Jitter: Change in the phase angle between Channel A and B within one revolution (360°).

KK3 terms

Key reset: The reset button can be operated only by means of a key.
Keylock: Blocking of certain keyboard inputs
Kosiur: KOSIUR S. in “Understating Electronic Commerce”, 1997, da “Il Commercio elettronico” di SCOTT W.G. , Isedi, 1999 pp. 11

LL6 terms

Latch: Control input for storing (“freezing”) the data before they are read out.
LCD: Liquid Crystal Display; passive display requiring external light or backlighting to be read
LED: Light Emitting Diode; active display lighting up as long as supply voltage is fed to the counter
Line driver: Output circuit that makes a larger current possible.
Linearity: Deviation of the reading from the actual value within one revolution (360°).
LSB: Least Significant Bit

MM7 terms

Measuring wheel: A wheel that, mounted on a shaft encoder, converts a linear motion into a rotary motion.
mercantilista: L’espressione “mercantilista” fu utilizzata per la prima volta da Adam Smith per indicare la politica protezionista degli Stati europei del 1700. I mercantilisti erano un insieme eterogeneo di autori vissuti tra il XVI ed il XVIII secolo; molti di loro ricoprirono ruoli nella vita pubblica dei loro rispettivi paesi.
MOD: See operating mode
Monostable signal: Signal is active for a defined period.
MSB: Most Significant Bit
MTBF: “Mean Time Between Failures”, a measure of average service life.
Multi-turn shaft encoder: Shaft encoder which transmits the number of shaft revolutions as well as the angular position of the shaft.

NN3 terms

NC machinery: Numerically Controlled machinery; their movements are programmed.
NPN input/output: Transistor input/output circuit implemented with an npn transistor, and thus negative switching.
NV memory: Non-volatile; electronic non-volatile memory for electronic counters for value retention in case supply voltage is interrupt

OO6 terms

Offset: For programmable absolute shaft encoders: the offset value is added to the value of physical position. As a result you get a relative shift of the output value (output value = position value + offset value).
Open collector: The collector of the output transistor is not terminated (i.e. open)
Operating mode: Programming the counter functions for a specific application. Range mode: In this mode, the output signals are activated within the set range.
OUT: Output (preset, zero signal, etc.)
Outsourcing: Outsourcing è un termine inglese (composto da outside e resourcing), per il quale non esiste una parola italiana corrispondente e che, in prima approssimazione, sta ad indicare l’utilizzo di risorse esterne per lo svolgimento di determinate attività, le quali sono state tradizionalmente gestite tramite risorse e personale interno.
Overflow indicator: When maximum display capacity has been exceeded, this is indicated by the corresponding code in the display of the counter. Deleted by a reset command.

PP32 terms

P.L.C.: Programmable Logic Controller: control system whose program is stored in a program memory and can be changed.
P/E converter: Preset counter with pneumatic count input and electrical control signal generation (see pneumatic preset c
Panel frame: Module frame for a counter
Parallel interface: Transfer point at which the data are transferred in parallel over several lines.
Parity: Checkbit for error detection in data transfer
PDO: Process data object (in CAN networks)
Period measurement: Time measurement; the time is measured for the duration of one period (pulse + separation). The display is updated in cycles.
Phase discriminator: For forward/backward counting. The counter is equipped with a 2-channel input. Signals are phase-shifted by 90° to allow counter to recognize count advance sense automatically. The count input can be programmed for single, double or 4-foldevaluation.
Phase discriminator (Counter): See count input
Phase tolerance: Deviation of the pulse-edge from Channel A to B, relative to the phase angle 90°.
Pilot signal: An output signal released before the main preset value is entered according to the setpilot signal value.
PNP input/output: Transistor input/output circuit implemented with a pnp transistor, and thus positive switching.
Position indicators: Processing of angular and path information, thus allowing position to be determined; no control outputs.
Power-up reset: See reset modes
Prescaler: The factor by which the incoming pulses in the counter are multiplied. Used when theincoming count pulse does not correspond to the desired display unit, e.g. length measurement with an existing roller mechanism and standard pulse generator.
Preset: For programmable absolute shaft encoders: The programmed numerical value is accepted as output value (output value = preset value).
Preset counter: Preset counters are counters with control functions, e.g. shutting down a machine after a certain number of pieces has been produced.
Preset value: Setting value (a set value); a signal is released when this value corresponds with the counted value.
Program reset: Count reset with simultaneous program reset.
Protection class: The enclosure class is designated according to DIN 40050, by IP and a two-figure code number. 1st digit Degree of protection against ingress of solid bodies: 0 no special protection 1 solid bodies with dia. 50 mm, no protection against intentional penetration 2 solid bodies with dia. 12 mm, warding off fingers etc. 3 solid bodies with dia. 2.5 mm, warding off tools, wires, etc. (thickness 2.5 mm) 4 solid bodies with dia. 1 mm, warding off tools, wires, etc. (thickness 1 mm) 5 dust in harmful quantities, complete shock-hazard protection 6 dust (dust-tight), complete shock-hazard protection
Protection class (Counter): Designated with IP (international protection) and a 2-digit number according to DIN 40050 1st digit Degree of protection against penetration by solid bodies: 0 no special protection provided 1 solid bodies of 50 mm; no protection against intentional access 2 solid bodies of 12 mm; fingers, etc. cannot be inserted 3 solid bodies of 2.5 mm; tools, wires, etc. (thickness 2.5 mm) cannot be inserted 4 solid bodies of 1 mm; tools, wires, etc. (thickness 1 mm) cannot be inserted 5 dust in harmful quantities; complete protection against contact 6 dust (dustproof); complete protection against contact
PSC: See prescaler
PTB approval: Approval for use by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, the German government materials testing institute.
PTB approval (Counters): Approval by the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt (appropriateness for verification)
Pulse (repetition) frequency, max.: The maximum signal frequency achievable by the shaft encoder, the product of rotary speed and number of markings.
Pulse frequency: See counting frequency
Pulse generation: for electromechanical AC counters An AC counter can be operated directly with mains voltage. Attention! If the counter coil lies parallel to a chain of contactors which are supplied by a common isolation transformer (VDE regulations), extremely high voltage peaks result which reach several kV capable of destroying the counter coil. In this case, we recommend operating the counter with 24 VAC via a separate transformer.
Pulse generator: Correct counting results depend to a large extent on the appropriate choice of pulse generator. In mechanical pulse generators, bounce contact of 3 ms should not occur, as miscounts will otherwise be registered. For counting rates of up to 10 Hz, microswitches, limit switches, limit switches or cam-actuated sets of contact springs are suitable; for counting rates of up to 30 Hz, miniature relays can be used. The use of electronic pulse generators (proximity switches, light barriers, shaft encoders, etc.) is recommended for counting rates higher than 30 Hz.
Pulse scaler: A component which generates an output pulse after a specified number of input pulses. Used whenever the incoming count pulse does not correspond to the desired unit of display.
Pulse width measurement: Time measurement; the duration of a pulse is registered and displayed when the pulse is ended until this value is updated.
Pulse-weighting factor: See prescaler
PVC: Polyvinylchloride; plastic coating of device cable

QQ1 term

Quickon: Connector with self contacting cable cutting contacts from Phoenix Contact used with Interbus Loop

RR20 terms

Radial load, max.: Maximum loading of shaft encoder shaft in radial direction.
RAM: “Random Access Memory” chip; this memory can be read from, written to, and erased freely. When the power goes off, it loses its information.
Range mode: See operating mode
Range signal: See operating mode
Reference mark: Irregular gradation pattern that generates a single signal peak, to provide an absolute reference for an incremental shaft encoder.
Reference pulse: Square-wave signal generated by a reference mark, usually only one increment wide, to provide an absolute reference for an incremental shaft encoder.
Repeatability: Degree of deviation for a point approached repeatedly under identical operating conditions.
RES: Reset; see reset
Reset: Resetting of a counter to its initial value
Reset modes: manual reset by pressing the reset key
Reset operation: See operating mode
Reset to zero: See reset
Resolution: Number of increments per revolution (rotary) or distance between two increments (linear)
Resolver: Inductive angular measuring device that generates two alternating voltages, with amplitude a function of the angle.
Reversal error: Deviation in reading of a position when approached from different directions (hysteresis).
ROM: “Read-Only-Memory” chip, whose memory can only be read out.
Rotational speed [n]: Specification of revolutions per unit of time (1/min, 1/h or 1/sec)
RS 422: Standardized interface for unidirectional point-to-point connections (for description refer to “Complementary”); voltage difference 7 V DC max.
RS 422/485: Interfaces for serial data transfer with specifications to EIA standards.
RS 485: Like RS 422, however as a bidirectional bus interface

SS14 terms

Sampling frequency: Number of signal periods per second. The maximum sampling frequency limits the speed of incremental measuring systems.
Scaling: For programmable absolute shaft encoders the encoder actual value is multiplied by a scaling factor. Thus the resolution (increments per measuring distance or increments per revolution) is adaptable to the respective application.
SDO: Service data object (in CAN networks)
Sense: The Sense lines (Sense VCC and Sense GND) enable measurement of the factual encoder voltage without adulteration by voltage drop due to supply current and cable resistivity. With that e.g. supply voltage can automatically be adjusted.
Sensor supply: Voltage supplied to feed a pulse generator by the counter.
Set mode: See operating mode
Set value: See preset value
Setting value: The value to which a counter will be set. Two types of setting values exist: one-time and repeatable setting values. One-time: The count is set to a specific value. This value is not stored and cannot be recalled.
Shock stability: Hengstler counters are shock-tested according to IEC 68 Section 2-27 Test example: impulsive shocks to test object from 6 directions with an acceleration of 500 m/s2 and a duration of 6 ms per direction each.
Sincrona: Una comunicazione sincrona avviene in tempo reale.
Sirmi.it: Il Commercio elettronico in Italia: analisi e prospettive, 2000
Spark quenching: For electromechanical counters with diodes For DC counters and counting rates of up to 10 Hz on counter coils and resetting solenoids. The diode used should withstand a peak inverse voltage of approx. 5x rated voltage.
SSI: Synchronous-serial Interface; standardized interface for serial data transfer
Static behavior: The counter functions are carried out as long as the signal is present.

TT11 terms

Teach in: With this function, the count is stored as a preset value by pressing a button. Entering the preset value via keyboard is therefore not necessary, or is possible optionally.
Time counter: Registers the operating time of machines, devices, etc. Preset time counters are also available for tasks involving control functions.
Torque [M]: Moment of a force M=F*L [Nm, Ncm, Nmm]
Totalizer: Total sum counter
Totalizing counter: A counter which only adds up received pulses, but has no control functions.
TPE: Thermo-plastic polyester elastomer; plastic coating of device cable
Trail: See trailing signal
Trailing signal: A bistable, freely variable range signal which “trails along” when the main preselection is changed.
Transmission ratio: In mechanical counters, the first number indicates the rotation of the counter shaft; the second number shows the count in the display as it changes. Example: with a transmission ratio of 1:10, the display jumps by 10 per revolution of the counter shaft.
Tristate: Control input; switches the outputs either to active or to high impedance.
Two’s complement: Number format for the representation of negative numbers; range of values at n bit: -(2n-1) … 0… (2n-1-1)

UU2 terms

UL approval: US approval (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.)
Up/down: Counter advance sense (adding or subtracting count)

VV2 terms

Value retention: Preservation of the “counted and preset values” in case of power failure.
Virtual Warehouse: The term Virtual Warehouse has been coined from Dr. Marino Vincenzo, general executive manager UNITEC (sees Dictionary of the published Digital Economy from the Sole2ore).

WW3 terms

Watchdog: A timer-based safety mechanism that monitors system operation. If the system fails to reset the watchdog within a defined interval, a fault action is triggered.
Winding: Coils of wire in motors, transformers, and solenoids that generate magnetic fields when current flows through them.
Worm gear: A gear arrangement in which a screw (worm) meshes with a toothed wheel. Provides high reduction ratios and self-locking capability.

XX2 terms

X-axis: The horizontal axis in a Cartesian coordinate system, commonly referenced in CNC machining, robotics, and motion control systems.
XOR: Exclusive OR — a logic gate that outputs true only when the inputs differ. Used in error detection, parity checking, and digital signal processing.

YY2 terms

Yield strength: The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. A critical parameter in structural engineering and component selection for MRO applications.
Yoke: A mechanical coupling element that connects two parts, allowing pivoting motion. Used in valve actuators, universal joints, and pneumatic cylinders.

ZZ3 terms

Z-pulse: A single reference pulse generated once per revolution by an incremental encoder, used for synchronization and homing in motion control.
Zero point: The reference position in a measuring or control system from which all measurements are taken. Also called datum or home position.
Zero-speed switch: A safety device that detects when a rotating shaft has come to a complete stop, used to protect personnel and equipment during maintenance.